View links to journals and guidelines used in the resource

Alejandria, M. M., Lansang, M. A., Dans, L. F. & Mantaring, J. B. V.  (2000). Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis and septic shock.  The Cochrane Library 4.

Astiz, M. E. & Rackow, E. C. (1998). Septic shock. Lancet 351, 1501–5.

Aube, H., Milan, C. & Blettery, B. (1992). Risk factors for septic shock in the early management of bacteremia.  American Journal of Medicine 93, Suppl. 3, 283–8.

Crowe, M., Ispahani, P., Humphreys, H., Kelley, T. & Winter, R. (1998). Bacteraemia in the adult intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Nottingham, UK, 1985–1996. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 17, Suppl. 6, 377–84.

Geddes, A., Thaler, M., Schönwald, S., Hardkonen, M., Jacobs, F. & Nowotny, I. (1999). Levofloxacin in the empirical treatment of patients with suspected bacteraemia/sepsis: comparison with imipenem/cilastatin in an open, randomised trial.  Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 44, Suppl. 6, 799–810.

Glauser, M. P. (2000). Pathophysiologic basis of sepsis: Considerations for future strategies of intervention. Critical Care Medicine 28, Suppl. 9, S4–S8.

Grayson, M. L., Eliopoulos, G. M., Wennersten, C. B., Ruoff, K. L., De Girolami, P. C., Ferraro, M. J. et al. (1991). Increasing resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium: a 22-year review at one institution.  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 35, Suppl. 11, 2180–4.

Griffin, G. E. (1998). Cytokines involved in human septic shock — the model of the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction.  Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, Suppl. A, 25–9.

Gross, P. A., Barrett, T. L., Dellinger, E. P., Krause, P. J., Martone, W. J., McGowan, J. E. et al.  (1994). Quality standard for the treatment of bacteremia.  Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clinical Infectious Diseases 18, Suppl. 3, 428–30.

Haeney, M. R. (1998). The role of the complement cascade in sepsis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, (Suppl A), 41–6.

Horn, K. D. (1998). Evolving strategies in the treatment of sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Quarterly Journal of Medicine 91, 256–77.

Jones, G. R. (1998). Assessment criteria in identifying the sick sepsis patient.  Journal of Infection 37, Suppl. 1, 24–9.

Jones, G. R. (1995). A re-evaluation of blood cultures.  Reviews in Medical Microbiology 6, Suppl. 2, 109–18.

Klein, J. J. & Watanakunakorn, C. (1979). Hospital-acquired fungemia.  Its natural course and clinical significance. American Journal of Medicine 67, Suppl. 1, 51–8.

Mammen, E. F. (1998). The haematological manifestations of sepsis.  Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, (Suppl A), 17–24.

Norrby, S. R., Geddes, A. M. & Shah, P. M. for the Multicentre Study Group. (1998). Randomized comparative trial of cefpirome versus ceftazidime in the empirical treatment of suspected bacteraemia or sepsis.  Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 42, 503–9.

Opal, S. M. & Cohen, J. (1999). Clinical Gram-positive sepsis: does it fundamentally differ from Gram-negative bacterial sepsis? Critical Care Medicine 27, Suppl. 8, 1608–16.

Parratt, J. R. (1998). Nitric oxide in sepsis and endotoxaemia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, Suppl. A, 31–39.

Pedersen, G., Schonheyder, H. C., Steffensen, F. H. & Sørenson, H. T. (1999). Risk of resistance related to antibiotic use before admission in patients with community-acquired bacteraemia.  Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 43, 119–26.

Periti, P. & Mazzei, T. (1999). New criteria for selecting the proper antimicrobial chemotherapy for severe sepsis and septic shock.  International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 12, 97–105.

Pfaller, M. A., Jones, R. N., Doern, G. V., Fluit, A. C., Verhoef, J., Sader, H. S. et al.  (1999). International surveillance of blood stream infections due to Candida species in the European SENTRY Program: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility including the investigational triazole and echinocandin agents.  SENTRY Participant Group (Europe). Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 35, Suppl. 1, 19–25.

PHLS.  Surveillance of hospital-acquired bacteraemia in English hospitals 1997–1999.

Plowman, R., Graves, N., Griffin, M., Roberts, J. A., Swan, A. V., Cookson, B. et al. (1999).  The socio-economic burden of hospital acquired infection.  PHLS.

Reacher, M. H., Shah, A., Livermore, D. M., Wale, M. C. J., Graham, C., Johnson, A. P. et al. (2000). Bacteraemia and antibiotic resistance of its pathogens reported in England and Wales between 1990 and 1998: trend analysis.  British Medical Journal 320, 213–6.

Read, R. C. (1998). Experimental therapies for sepsis directed against tumour necrosis factor. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, Suppl. A, 65–9.

Reingold, A. L., Hargrett, N. T., Shands, K. N., Dan, B. B., Schmid, G. P., Strickland, B. Y. et al.  (1982). Toxic shock syndrome surveillance in the United States, 1980 to 1981. Annals of Internal Medicine 96, Suppl. 6, 875–80.

Seaton, R. A. & Nathwani, D.  (2000). Rationale for sepsis management in immunocompetent adults.  Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 30, 11–9.

Smith, C., Arregui, L. M., Promnitz, D. A. & Feldman, C. (1991). Septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit, Hillbrow Hospital, Johannesburg.  South African Medical Journal 80, Suppl. 4, 181–4.

Stevens, D. L. (1996). The toxic shock syndromes.  The Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 10, Suppl. 4, 727–46.

Vincent, J-L. (1998). Cardiovascular alterations in septic shock. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, Suppl. A, 9–15.

Wilson, P. G., Manji, M. & Neoptolemos, J. P. (1998). Acute pancreatitis as a model of sepsis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, Suppl. A, 51–63.

Wood, M. J. (1999). Chemotherapy for Gram-positive nosocomial sepsis. Journal of Chemotherapy 11, Suppl. 6, 446–52.

Ziegler, E. J., McCutchan, J. A., Fierer, J., Glauser, M. P., Sadoff, J. C., Douglas, H. et al. (1982). Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. New England Journal of Medicine 307, Suppl. 20, 1225–30.